Reading Journal Apush America's History Chapter 13

Affiliate 25: America Moves to the City, 1865-1900

1. The Urban Frontier
   1. The growth of American metropolises was spectacular; in 1860 no city in the Us had a million inhabitants; by 1890, New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had passed the meg mark; by 1900 New York had 3.5 million people (2^nd largest city in the earth)
      1. The skyscraper allowed more people and workplaces to exist packed onto a packet of country; actualization first equally a 10-story building in Chicago in 1885, the skyscraper was made usable past the perfecting of the electric elevator upwards and down the building
      2. Chicago architect, Louis Sullivan, contributed to the farther development of the skyscraper with his famous principle that "grade follows role" (steel)
   2. Americans were becoming commuters, carted daily between abode and chore on the mass-transit lines that radiated out from key cities to surrounding suburbs
      1. Electrical trolleys, powered by overhead wires, propelled urban center limits explosively outward; rural America could non compete with the siren vocal of the metropolis
      2. Industrial jobs drew country folks off the farms and into mill centers; electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones all made life in the large city more than attracting
      3. Technology marvels like the skyscraper and New York's crawly Brooklyn Span, a harplike interruption span defended in 1883, added to the seductive glamour of cities
   3. Cavernous department stores such as Macy's in New York attracted urban middle-class shoppers and provided urban working-course jobs, many of them for women
      1. The bustling emporiums also heralded a dawning era of consumerism and accentuated widening class divisions; the spectacle of the city's dazzling department stores that awakened some to a yearning for a richer, more than elegant way of life
      2. The movement to the metropolis introduced Americans to new ways of living; land dwellers produced little household waste; in the city, goods came in throwaway bottles, boxes, bags, and cans—waste disposal was an issue new to the urban age
      3. The Mountains of waste that urbanites generated testified to a cultural shift away from the virtues of thrift to the conveniences of consumerism
   5. Criminals flourished in the cities of America; sanitary facilities could not keep pace with the population explosion; impure h2o, uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, and droppings from draft animals enveloped many cities in a satanic stench
   6. The cities represented "humanity compressed;" glaring contrasts that assaulted the eye
      1. Worst of all were the human being pigsties known as slums; they grew more crowded, more filthy, and more than rat-infested, especially after the perfection of "dumbbell" tenement
      2. Named because of the outline of its floor plan, the dumbbell was usually seven or eight stories loftier, with shallow, sunless, air shafts providing minimal ventilation
      3. Several families were sardined onto each flooring of the structures and shared toilets
   7. Flophouses" abounded where the half-starved and unemployed might sleep for a few cents on verminous mattresses; many slum dwellers strove to escape their surroundings
   8. Every bit many escaped the ghetto, they more often than not resettled in other urban neighborhoods alongside people of the similar group; the wealthiest left the cities altogether and headed for the semirural suburbs—"bedroom communities" (greenbelt of affluence)
2. The New Clearing
   1. In each of the three decades from the 1850s through the 1870s, more two 1000000 migrants had stepped onto America'due south shores; past the 1880s the stream had swelled to 5
      1. Until the 1880s most immigrants had come from the British Isles and western Europe, importantly Federal republic of germany and Scandinavia—they were typically Anglo-Saxon and Teutonic types, and they were usually Protestant, except for Catholic Irish and Germans
      2. Many of them boasted of a high rate of literacy and were accustomed to some kind of representative regime (many of them took upwards farming like back at home)
   2. But in the 1880s, the character of the immigrant stream changed drastically; the so-called New Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europeans (Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles—many of them worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues)
      1. They came from countries with little history of democratic government; people had grown accepted to following despotism and where opportunities for advancement were few—largely illiterate and impoverished, many seeked industrial jobs
      2. These new peoples totaled simply 19 percent of the inpouring immigrants in the 1880s, but by the first decade of the twentieth century, they found 66 percent of the total
      3. They hived together in cities like New York and Chicago and before long claimed more inhabitants than many of the largest cities of the same nationality in the Former World
3. Southern Europe Uprooted
   1. Many left their native countries because Europe seemed to accept no room for them; the population of the Onetime World was growing vigorously and it nigh doubled in the century later 1800 thanks in office to abundant food from America and cultivation of the white potato
      1. American food imports and the pace of European industrialization shook the peasantry loose from its aboriginal habitats and customary occupation creating a vast, footloose regular army of the unemployed (millions drained from the countryside into cities)
      2. Nigh lx million Europeans left the Quondam World in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; more than than half of them moved to United States (urbanization of Europe)
      3. America fever" proved highly contagious in Europe; the United states was often painted equally a land of fabulous opportunity in the "America letters" sent back
   2. Turn a profit-seeking Americans trumpeted throughout Europe the attractions of the new promised land; industrialists wanted low-wage labor, railroads wanted buyers for land grants, states wanted more population, and steamship lines more than homo cargo
   3. As the century diffuse roughshod persecutions of minorities in Europe drove many shattered souls to American shores; in the 1880s, the Russians turned violent upon their ain Jews, chiefly in the Smoothen areas (tens of thousands of dilapidated refugees fled)
   4. They fabricated their way to the seaboard cites of the Atlantic Coast, notably New York; Jews had experienced city life in Europe (circumstance that made them unique among New Immigrants but many brought urban skills of tailoring or shop-keeping in cities)
   5. Many of the immigrants never intended to become Americans in whatever case; a large number of them were unmarried men who worked in the United States for some time and then returned home with their difficult-earned money; some 25 percent of the near 20 meg people who arrived betwixt 1820 and 1900 were "birds of the passage" who went back
   6. Even those who stayed in American struggled to preserve their traditional culture; time took its toll on efforts to keep old means live and children ofttimes rejected the Old Country manners of their mothers and fathers in their desire to be office of American life
4. Reactions to the New Immigration
   1. Across minimal checking to grab criminals and the insane, the federal government did virtually nothing to ease the assimilation of immigrants into American society
      1. Land governments, usually dominated by rural representatives, did fifty-fifty less; city governments, overwhelmed by the scale of urban growth, proved inadequate
      2. By default, the business of ministering to the immigrants' needs fell to the unofficial "governments" of the urban political machines, led by "bosses" of the city
      3. Trading jobs and services for votes, a powerful boss might merits the loyalty of thousands of followers; the bosses establish housing, gave gifts of nutrient and clothing, patched upwardly small-scale scrapes with the law, and helped get schools, parks, and hospitals
   2. The nation's social conscience gradually awakened to the plight of the cities, and peculiarly their immigrant masses; prominent in awakening were Protestant clergymen
      1. Noteworthy amidst the Protestant clergymen, who sought to use the lessons of Christianity to the slums and factories, was Walter Rauschenbusch, who in 1886 became a pastor of a German Baptist church building in New York Metropolis; also conspicuous was Washington Gladden (Congregational church in Columbus, OH)
      2. Preaching the "social gospel," they both insisted that the churches tackle the burning social issues of the solar day; Sermon on the Oral fissure was the scientific discipline of society, and many social gospelers predicted that socialism would by the outcome of Christianity
   3. Jane Addams was a middle-class woman who was deeply dedicated to uplifting the urban masses and who was one of the commencement generation of college-educated women
      1. Upon graduation she sough other outlets for her talents than could exist found in pedagogy or charitable volunteer piece of work, the but permissible occupations of young women of her social class—she became inspired upon a visit to England
      2. She acquired the decaying Hull mansion in Chicago and established Hull Business firm, the most prominent, though not the first, American settlement house
      3. She was a broad-approximate reformer who courageously condemned war as well as poverty, and she somewhen won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
   4. Located in a poor immigrant neighborhood of Greeks, Italians, Russians, and Germans, Hull House offered instruction in English, counseling to aid newcomers cope with American big-urban center lift, kid-care services for working mothers, and cultural activities
      1. Post-obit Addams' lead, women founded settlement houses in other cities also
      2. The settlement houses became centers of women's activism and of social reform; the women of Hull Business firm successfully lobbied in 1893 for an Illinois antisweatshop police that protected women workers and prohibited child labor in those shops
      3. They were led past Florence Kelley, who was armed with the insights of socialism, she was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers
   5. The pioneering work of Addams, Wald (Henry Street Settlement in NY), and Kelley helped blaze the trail that many women and some men followed into careers in the new profession of social piece of work—urban center was the frontier of opportunity for women
      1. The urban frontier opened new possibilities for women; more than than a million women joined the piece of work force in the unmarried decade of the 1890s
      2. Because employment for wives and mothers was considered taboo, the vast majority of working women were single—their jobs depended on race, ethnicity, and class
      3. Blackness women had few opportunities across domestic service; white-collar jobs were largely reserved for native-built-in women; immigrant women tended to cluster in particular industries, as Jewish women crowded in the garment trades
      4. Afterwards contributing a big share of their earnings to their families, many women withal had enough coin in their pocketbooks to enter a new urban earth of sociability
5. Narrowing the Welcome Mat
   1. Antiforeignism, or "nativism," touched off past the Irish and German arrivals in the 1840s and 1850s, bared its ugly face in the 1880s with fresh ferocity
      1. The New Immigrants had come for much of the aforementioned reason every bit the Old—to escape the poverty and squalor of Europe and to seek new opportunities in America
      2. Nativists viewed eastern and southern Europeans as culturally and religiously exotic hordes and often gave them rude reception; the newest newcomers aroused alarm
      3. Their high birthrate, common among people with a depression standard of living and sufficient, raised worries that the original Anglo-Saxon stock would presently exist out-bred and outvoted—others worried that Anglo-Saxon types would disappear (inferior)
   2. "Native" Americans voiced additional fears; they blamed the immigrants for the deposition of urban government; trade unionists assailed the conflicting arrivals
      1. The immigrants were willing to work for "starvation" wages and imported their intellectual baggage as doctrines of socialism, communism, and anarchism
      2. Antiforeign organizations were now revived in a dissimilar guise; notorious among them was the American Protective Association (APA), which was created in 1887 and before long claimed a million members—in pursuing nativist goals, the APA urged voting confronting Roman Catholic candidates for part and sponsored mud-slinging
   3. Organized labor was quick to throw its growing weight backside the motion to choke off the ascent tide of foreigners; frequently used as strikebreakers, the wage-depressing immigrants were hard to unionize considering of the language bulwark
   4. Congress finally nailed up partial bars against the inpouring immigrants
      1. The offset restrictive constabulary, passed in 1882, banged the gate close in the faces of paupers, criminals, and convicts, all of whom had to exist returned at the expense of the shipper
      2. Congress in 1885, prohibited the importation of strange workers under contract
      3. In after years other federal laws diffuse the list of undesirables to include the insane, polygamists, prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and people carrying diseases
      4. A proposed literacy test met vigorous opposition and was not enacted until 1917; presidents argued information technology was more than a mensurate of opportunity than of intelligence
   5. The year 1882 brought forth a law to car completely i indigenous grouping—the Chinese; after the gates would be padlocked against defective undesirables—plus the Chinese
   6. 4 years later, in 1886, the Statue of Freedom arose in New York harbor, a gift from the people of France; to many natavists, the noble words on the Statue described only too accurately the "scum" washed up by the New Immigrant tides
   7. These new immigrants stepped off prepare to put their shoulders to the nation's industrial wheels; the Republic owes much to these latercomers (brawn, brains, backbone, variety)
6. Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
   1. The swelling size and changing grapheme of the urban population posed sharp challenges to American churches, which, like other national institutions, had grown up in the country
      1. Protestant churches suffered heavily form the shift to the city, where many of their traditional doctrines and pastoral approaches seemed irrelevant
      2. Reflecting the wealth of their prosperous parishioner, many of the old-line churches were distressingly slow to raise their voices against social and economic vices
      3. The mounting emphasis was on materialism; money was the accepted measure of achievement, and the new gospel of wealth proclaimed that God caused the righteous to prosper (Morgan of the Episcopal Church—"the Republican party at prayer")
   2. Into this moral vacuum stepped a new generation of urban revivalists; most conspicuous was Dwight Lyman Moody who proclaimed a gospel of kindness and forgiveness
   3. Traveling to endless American cities, Moody held huge audiences spellbound; Moody contributed powerfully to adapting the old-fourth dimension faith to facts of metropolis life
   4. The Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were gaining enormous force from the New Immigration; by 1900 the Roman Catholics had increased their lead as the largest unmarried denomination, numbering nearly 9 one thousand thousand communicants (kept common touch on)
   5. Central Gibbons, an urban Catholic leader devoted to American unity, was immensely popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants alike (liberal sympathies)
   6. Past 1890, the Americans could choose from 150 religion denominations, two of them newcomers; one was the Conservancy Regular army from England did much practical good
      1. The other important new religion was the Church of Christ, Scientist, founded by Mary Baker Boil in 1879, after she had suffered much sick health (Christian Science)
      2. She gear up forth her views in a book entitled Scientific discipline and Wellness with Key to the Scriptures (1875), which sold an amazing 400,000 copies before her death
      3. Eddy preached that the true do of Christianity heals sickness; a fertile field for converts was found in America'due south hurried, nerve-racked, and urbanized civilisation
   7. Urbanites participated in a new kind of religious-affiliated system, the Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations; the YMCA and YWCA grew past leaps
   8. Combining physical and other kinds of education with religious instruction, the Y's appeared in virtually e'er major American city by the end of the nineteenth century
7. Darwin Disrupts the Churches
   1. The old-time faith received many blows from modernistic trends, including a sale of books on comparative religion and on historical criticism as practical to the bible
      1. Most unsettling of all was On the Origin of Species, published past English language naturalist Charles Darwin, who gear up forth the sensational theory that humans had slowly evolved from lower forms of life—a theory shortly to be known as "the survival of the fittest"
      2. Evolution cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible, which relates how God created the heaven and the earth in half-dozen days; the Conservatives (Fundamentalists) stood firmly on the Scripture every bit the Word of God and condemned the Darwinians
      3. The "Modernists" parted visitor with the "Fundamentalists" and flatly refused to accept the Bible in entirety as either history or science (rifts in churches and colleges)
      4. As fourth dimension wore on, an increasing number of liberal thinkers were able to reconcile Darwinism and Christianity—grander revelation of the ways of the Almighty
   2. Only Darwinism undoubtedly did much to loosen religious moorings and to promote unbelief among the gospel-glutted; the most bitterly denounced skeptic of the era was Colonel Robert Ingersoll, who lectured and attacked orthodox religion
8. The Lust for Learning
   1. Public education continued its upwards climb; the ideal of tax-supported unproblematic schools was gathering strength; Americans were accepting the truism that a free government cannot function successfully if the people are shackled past ignorance
      1. By 1870, more and more states were making at least a grade-school education compulsory and this gain helped check the abuses of child labor
      2. Before the Ceremonious War, individual academies at the secondary level were common, and tax-supported high schools were rare (but about a few hundred)
      3. The concept was gaining impressive back up that a loftier-school pedagogy was the birthright of every citizen and by 1900 there were some vi 1000 high schools
      4. Teacher-training schools ("normal schools") experience a striking expansion after the Civil State of war a growth from only twelve to over 3 from 1860 to 1910
      5. Kindergartens, borrowed from the Germans, as well began to gain strong support
   2. The New Immigration in the 1880s and 1890s brought vast new strength to the private Catholic parochial schools, which were becoming a major pillar of educational structure
   3. Public schools excluded millions of adults; this deficiency was partially remedied past the Chautauqua movement, which was launched in 1874 on the shores of Lake Chautauqua
   4. In New York, the organizers achieved gratifying success through nationwide public lectures and there were extensive Chautauqua courses of home study
   5. Crowded cities mostly provided amend educational facilities than the old 1-room, one-teacher red schoolhouse; the illiteracy rate cruel from 20 % in 1870 to 10.7% in 1900
9. Booker T. Washington and Pedagogy for Black People
   1. The South lagged far behind other regions in public educational activity and African-Americans suffered most severely; a staggering 44 percent of nonwhites were illiterate in 1900
      1. Some help came from northern philanthropists, only the foremost champion of black education was an ex-slave, Booker T. Washington (who had been schooled)
      2. Washington taught black students useful trades for gaining self-respect and economic security; Washington's self-help arroyo to solving the nation's racial bug was labeled "accommodationist" because did not solve the nation's racial issues
      3. Recognizing the depths of southern white racism, Washington avoided the issue of social equality and acquiesced in segregation in render for the right to develop the economic and educational activity resources of the black community (economical independence)
   2. Washington's delivery to training young blacks in agriculture and trades guided the curriculum at Tuskegee Institute and was the ideal place for George Washington Carver
   3. After joining the faculty, he became an internationally famous agricultural chemist who provided a much-needed boost to the southern economic system by discovering hundreds of new uses for the lowly peanut (shampoo, grease), sweet potato (vinegar), and soybean (paint)
   4. Other black leaders, notably Dr. W.Eastward.B. Du Bois assailed Booker T. Washington as an "Uncle Tom" who was condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority
      1. A mixture of African, French, Dutch, and Indian blood, Du Bois earned a Ph.D. at Harvard, the commencement of his race to attain this goal and he demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well every bit economic and helped to found the National Association for the Advocacy of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910
      2. Rejecting Washington's gradualism and separatism, he demanded that the blackness community be given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life
   5. He died as a cocky-exile in Africa in 1963; many of Du Bois' differences with Washington reflected the contrasting life experiences of southern and northern blacks
10. The Hallowed Halls of Ivy
    1. Colleges and universities shot up in the decades after the Civil War
       1. A college pedagogy increasingly seemed indispensable in the scramble for success; the pedagogy battle for women at present turned into a rout of the masculine diehards
       2. Women'south colleges such as Vassar were gaining ground, and universities open up to both genders were blossoming, notably in the Midwest region of The states
       3. Past 1900 every fourth higher graduate was a women and the black institutes and academies planted during Reconstruction had blossomed into southern black colleges
    2. The truly phenomenal growth of higher education owed much to the Morrill Human activity of 1862
       1. The law, passed subsequently the South had seceded, provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for back up of pedagogy ("land grant colleges"—state universities)
       2. The Hatch Human activity of 1887, extending the Morrill Act, provided federal funds for the institution of agronomical experience stations along with the land-grant colleges
    3. Individual philanthropy richly supplemented federal grants to higher education; many of the new industrial millionaires, developing tender social consciences, donated immense fortunes to educational enterprises ("ane who steals privately and gives publicly")
    4. Noteworthy among the new individual universities of high quality to open were Cornell (1865) and Leland Stanford Junior (1891), the latter found in his deceased child); the University of Chicago (1892) forged into a front-rank position, owing largely to John D. Rockefeller'due south oil millions (Rockefeller died having given some $550 one thousand thousand to others)
    5. In that location was a significant increase in professional person and technical schools, where modern laboratories were replacing solo experiments performed by instructors in forepart of classes
       1. Among the specialized institutions was Johns Hopkins University, opened in 1876, which maintained the nation's first loftier-class graduate schoolhouse
       2. Several generations of American scholars had attended German universities and Johns Hopkins carried on the Germanic tradition of footnoted tomes (Wilson)
11. The March of the Heed
    1. The new industrialization brought insistent demands for "applied" courses and specialized training in the sciences; the elective system was gaining popularity; it received a powerful heave when Dr. Eliot, became president of Harvard College
    2. Medical schools and medical science after the Ceremonious War was prospering
       1. Despite the enormous sale of patent medicines and Indian remedies, the new scientific gains were reflected in improved public health (whiskers—germ traps)
       2. Revolutionary discoveries abroad by French scientists Louis Pasteur and English md Joseph Lister, left their imprint on America; as a result of new health-promoting precautions, including campaigns against public spitting, life expectancy at nativity was measurably increased because of the business organisation of public health
    3. One of America'due south about brilliant intellectuals, William James served for thirty-give years on Harvard faculty and through writings, he made a deep mark on many fields
       1. His Principles of Psychology (1890) established subject area of behavioral psychology
       2. He explored philosophy and psychology of religion; in his famous work, Pragmatism (1907), he described America'south greatest contribution to the history of philosophy
       3. The concept of pragmatism held the truth was to exist tested, above all, by the practical consequences of an thought, by activeness rather than theories (kind of reasoning of do-ers)
12. The Appeal of the Press
    1. Books continued to be a major source of betterment and enjoyment for young and old
       1. Bestsellers of 1880s were by and large erstwhile favorites similar David Copperfield and Ivanhoe
       2. Well-stocked public libraries were making encouraging progress, especially in Boston and New York; the magnificent Library of Congress building (1897) provided xiii acres of flooring space in the largest and costliest edifice of its kind in the world
       3. A new era was inaugurated by the generous gifts of Andrew Carnegie; he contributed $sixty million for the construction of public libraries all over the country; by 1900 at that place were about ix thousand costless circulating libraries in America (at least 300 books)
    2. Roaring paper presses, spurred by the invention of the Linotype in 1885, more than kept pace with the demands of a word-hungry public; simply in the heavy investment in machinery and establish was accompanied by a growing fear of offending subscribers
       1. Bare-knuckle editorials were existence supplanted by feature articles an d non-controversial syndicated material—24-hour interval of slashing journalistic giants was passing
       2. Sensationalism was capturing the public sense of taste; the semiliterate immigrants combined with strap-handing urban commuters created a assisting market for news that was simply and punchily written—sexual activity, scandal, and other stories burst into headlines
    3. Two journalistic tycoons emerged; Joseph Pulitzer was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism in St. Louis and especially with the New York World
       1. ​His use of colored comic supplements, featuring the "Yellow Kid," gave the name yellow journalism to his lurid sheets; his competitor was William Randolph Hearst
       2. Able to fatigued on his California begetter's mining millions, he ultimately congenital up a powerful chain of newspapers start with the San Francisco Examiner
    4. ​The overall influence of Pulitzer and Hearst was not altogether wholesome; although both championed many worthy causes, both prostituted the printing in their struggled for increased circulation: both stooped, snooped, and scooped to conquer
    5. Their flair for scandal and sensational rumor was happily somewhat offset by the introduction of syndicated material and by strengthening the news-gathering Associated Press, which had been founded in the 1840s before the Civil War
13. Apostles of Reform
    1. Magazines partially satisfied the public appetite for skilful reading, notably sometime standbys like Harper's, the Atlantic Monthly, and Scribner's Monthly
    2. Possibly the nigh influential journal of all was the liberal and highly intellectual New York Nation, which was read largely past professors, preacher, and publicists
       1. Launched in 1865 by the Irish gaelic-built-in Edwin L. Godkin, a merciless critic, information technology crusaded militantly for civil-service reform, honesty in regime, and a moderate tariff
       2. The Nation attained merely a small-scale circulation about 10,000 in the xix^th century
    3. Some other announcer-author, Henry George, was an original thinker who left a mark
       1. Poor in schooling, he was rich in idealism and in human being kindness; after seeing poverty in India and country-grabbing in California, he took pen in mitt
       2. His treatise Progress and Poverty undertook the solve "the great enigma of our times"
       3. The clan of progress with poverty" according to George was the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of state unjustifiably pushed upward property values, showing unearned profits on owners of state; a single 100 percent tax on those windfall profits would eliminate unfair inequalities and simulate economic growth
    4. George soon became a most controversial figure; his single-tax ideas were so horrifying to the propertied classes that his manuscript was rejected by numerous publishers
       1. Finally brought out in 1879, the book eventually sold some 3 million copies
       2. George as well lectured widely in America, where he influence thinking about the maldistribution of wealth, and Britain where he left an indelible marking on socialism
    5. Edward Bellamy was another journalist-reformer of remarkable power; in 1888 he published a socialistic novel, Looking Astern, in which the hero falls asleep and awakens in the yr 2000 and finds that social and economical injustices of 1887 accept melted away under an idyllic government, which had nationalized big business
    6. To a nation already alarmed by the trust evil, the book had a magnetic appeal and sold over a meg copies; scores of Bellamy Clubs sprang up to discuss this mild utopian socialism and heavily influence American reform movements near the cease of the century
14. Postwar Writing
    1. As literacy increased, then did book reading; Mail service-Ceremonious War Americans devoured millions of "dime novels," usually depicted the wilds of the woolly Due west
       1. Pigment-bedaubed Indians and quick-triggered gunmen shot off vast quantities of powder and virtue invariable triumphed; these pulp "paperbacks" were frowned upon by parents, but youths read them in haylofts or in schools behind covers of books
       2. The king of dime novelists was Harlan F. Halsey, making a fortune writing about 650
    2. General Lewis Wallace sought to combat the prevailing wave of Darwinian skepticism with his novel Ben Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880) which sold about ii one thousand thousand copies; it was the Uncle Tom's Cabin of the anti-Darwinists (support for the Holy Scriptures)
    3. An fifty-fifty more pop writer was Horatio Alger, a Puritan-reared New Englander, who in 1866 forsook the pulpit for the pen; he wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction that sold over 100 million copies; his stock formula was that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success, wealth, and honor—a kind of survival of the purest
    4. Alger implanted morality and the conviction that there is always room at the top
    5. In poetry Walt Whitman was one of few luminaries of yesteryear who remained active
       1. Although shattered in health, he brought out successive—and purified—revisions of his hardy perennial, Leaves of Grass; the curious figure of Emily Dickinson, one of America's well-nigh gifted lyric poets, sadly did not emerge until she had died
       2. A Massachusetts recluse, she wrote over a thousand short lyrics on scraps of newspaper
       3. Amid the lesser poetical lights was a tragic southerner, Sidney Lanier; dying young of tuberculosis, Lanier was best known for "The Marshes of Glynn" a poem of religion inspired by the electric current clash betwixt Darwinism and orthodox religion
15. Literary Landmarks
    1. In novel writing the romantic sentimentality of a youthful era was giving way to a rugged realism that reflected more faithfully the materialism of an industrial society; American authors now turned increasingly to the coarse human being comedy and drama of the globe
    2. Two authors with deep connections to the South brought birthday new voices
       1. Feminist author Kate Chopin wrote candidly well-nigh adultery, suicide, and women'southward ambitions in The Awakening (1899); largely ignore, Chopin was rediscovered by subsequently readers who cited her work as suggestive of the feminist yearnings in the Gilded Age
       2. Mark Twain had leapt to fame with The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County and The Innocents Away and teamed up with Charles Dudley Warner in 1873 to write The Gilded Age; an acid satire on politicians and speculators (proper noun)
       3. Twain typified a new breed of American authors in revolt against the elegant refinements of the old New England schoolhouse of writing (Samuel Clemens—real name)
       4. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn rank among American masterpieces, initially regarded as "trash" by snobbish Boston critics
       5. Announcer, humorist, satirist, and foe of social injustice, he made his about indelible contribution in recapturing frontier realism and humor in authentic American dialect
    3. Another author who wrote out of the West and achieved at to the lowest degree temporary fame and fortune was Bret Harte who struck information technology rich in California with golden-blitz stories, particularly "The Luck of Roaring Camp" and "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"
    4. William Dean Howells carried him high into the literary circles of the East; he became the editor in principal of the Atlantic Monthly and was presented with honorary degrees; he wrote about ordinary people and near contemporary and sometimes controversial social themes (divorce, trials of a newly rich manufacturer, reforms, strikes, and Socialists)
    5. Stephen Crane also wrote near the seamy underside of life in urban, industrial America; he rose to prominence with The Red Badge of Courage (Civil State of war recruit under fire)
    6. Henry James was a New Yorker who turned from police force to literature; his book The Bostoniansouthward was one of the first novels about the rising feminist movement—he frequently made women his central characters, exploring their inner reactions to circuitous situations
    7. Candid portrayals of gimmicky life and social bug were the literary social club of the day past the turn of the century; Jack London, famous every bit a nature writer (The Call of the Wild), turned to depicting a possible fascistic revolution in The Iron Heel
    8. Frank Norris wrote The Octopus (1901), an bawdy saga of the stranglehold of the railroad and corrupt politicians on California wheat ranchers; the sequel, The Pit, dealt with wheat
    9. Two black writers, Paul Laurence Dunbar and Charles W. Chesnutt brought another kind of realism to late-nineteenth century literature; Dunbar embraced the use of blackness dialect and sociology to capture the spontaneity and richness of southern blackness civilization
    10. Conspicuous among the new "social novelists" rising in the literary empyrean was Theodore Dreiser whose Sister Carrie was a graphically realistic narrative of a poor working girl who disregarded the prevailing moral standards (offended publisher)
16. The New Morality
    1. Victoria Woodhull also shook the pillars of conventional morality when she publicly proclaimed her belief in free love in 1871; Woodhull was a cute and eloquent divorcee, sometime stockbroker, and tireless feminist propagandist
       1. Together with her sis, she published a periodical Woodhull and Clafin's Weekly and shocked order in 1872 when their journal struck a blow for the new morality by charging that Henry Beecher (preacher of twenty-four hour period) had been having an cheating matter
       2. Pure-minded Americans sternly resisted these affronts to their moral principles; their foremost champion was crusader Anthony Comstock, who made war on "immoral"
       3. Armed after 1873 with a federal statute, the notorious "Comstock Law" this self-appointed defender of sexual purity boasted that he had confiscated hundreds of thousands of obscene pictures and photos, thousands of pills used by abortionists
    2. The antics of the Woodhull sisters and Anthony Comstock exposed to daylight the boxing going on in the late-nineteenth-century America over sexual attitudes and the place of women; economic freedom encouraged sexual freedom and the "new morality" began to be reflected in soaring divorce rates, spreading practise of nativity command, and discussions
17. Families and Women in the City
    1. The urban surroundings was hard on families; crowded cities were emotionally isolating
       1. As families increasingly became the exclusive loonshit for intimate companionship and for emotional and psychological satisfaction, they were subjected to stress; the urban era launched the era of divorce (twentieth century "divorce revolution")
       2. Not just fathers merely mothers and even children equally young as ten years old oft worked, and usually in widely scattered locations (children as more than baggage in city)
       3. Not surprisingly, birthrates were still dropping and family unit size continued to shrink; marriages were existence delayed, and more than couples learned the techniques of birth command; the decline in family size in fact affected rural Americans besides
    2. Women were growing more independent in the urban environment and in 1898 they heard the voice of a major feminist prophet, Charlotte Perkins Gilman
       1. Publishing Women and Economic science, a classic of feminist literature, Gilman displayed the restless temperament and reforming zeal characteristic of the remarkable Beecher association (she devoted herself to a vigorous regimen of physical exercise and meditation)
       2. Gilman called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy; she argued that "our highly specialized motherhood is not and so advantageous as believed"
       3. She also advocated centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens to facilitate women's participation in the work force (anticipating the solar day-intendance centers)
    3. Fiery feminists likewise continued to insist on the election; they had been demanding the vote since before the Civil War, but many loftier-minded female reformers had temporarily shelved the cause of women to battle for the rights of blacks
       1. In 1890 militant suffragists formed the National America Adult female Suffrage Association; its founders included crumbling pioneers similar Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who had helped organize the first women's rights convention in 1848 and her long-fourth dimension comrade Susan B. Anthony, the radical Quaker spitfire who had courted jail
       2. By 1900 a new generation of women had taken command of the suffrage battled; their most constructive leader was Carrie Chapman Catt, a pragmatic, dedicated reformer
       3. Under Catt the suffragists de-emphasized the argument that women deserved the vote as a right, considering they were in all respects the equals of men; instead Catt stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the public world of the city
       4. In the metropolis, they needed a voice on boards of public health, commissions, and school board; they linked the ballot to a traditional definition of women's function
    4. Suffragists registered encouraging gains every bit the new century opened (beloved not vote); women were increasingly permitted to vote in local elections, particularly on school problems
    5. Wyoming Territory (Equality Country) granted the start unrestricted suffrage to women in 1869 and many states followed Wyoming's instance (most of the states by 1890 had passed laws to permit wives to won or control their belongings after marriage)
    6. Metropolis life fostered the growth of a spate of women'due south organizations but the reborn suffrage motion and other women's organizations excluded black women from their ranks
       1. Fearful that an integrated campaign would compromise its efforts to go the vote, the National American Woman Suffrage Association limited membership to whites
       2. Black women created their ain associations—Ida B. Wells inspired black women to mount a nationwide antilynching cause; she helped launch the black women's club movement which culminated in the National Clan of Color Women (1896)
18. Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress
    1. Alarming gains by Demon Rum spurred the temperance reforms to redoubled zeal; the corner saloon, known as "the poor man's club" helped keep his family poor
    2. Liquor consumption had increased during the nerve-racking days of the Civil War, and immigrant groups, accustomed to alcohol in the Old Land, were hostile to restraints
       1. Many tipplers charged that temperance reform amounted to a middle-course assault on working-class lifestyles (rudely hissed temperance lecturers)
       2. The National Prohibition political party, organized in 1869, polled a sprinkling of votes in some of the ensuing presidential elections with catchy songs of sober souls
    3. Militant women entered the alcoholic arena, notably when the Adult female's Christian Temperance Matrimony (WCTU) was organized in 1874; the white ribbon symbol of purity
       1. The saintly Frances Eastward. Willard, a champion of planned parenthood, was its leading spirit just less saintly was a muscular, mentally deranged Carrie A. Nation
       2. She boldly smashed saloon bottles and bars with her hatchet and brought considerable disrepute to prohibition movement because of the violence of her i-adult female crusade
    4. The strong Anti-Saloon League was formed in 1893; statewide prohibition, which had fabricated surprising gains in Maine and elsewhere before the Civil War, was sweeping
    5. The keen triumph came in 1919 when the national prohibition subpoena was attached to the Constitution equally the Eighteenth Amendment but it was only a temporary victory
    6. Banners of other social crusaders were aloft; the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was created in 1866; the American Ruddy Cantankerous was launched in 1881 with Clara Barton, an "angel" of Civil War battlefields, at the helm
19. Artistic Triumphs
    1. Portrait painting continued to appeal but many of America's finest painters made their living abroad; James Whisler did much of his piece of work, and that of his mother, in England; some other gifted portrait painter, in self-exile in England, was John Singer Sargent
    2. Mary Cassatt, an American in exile in Paris, painted sensitive portrayals of women and children that earned her a place in the pantheon of the French impressionist painters
    3. Other castor wielders, no less talented, brightened the creative horizon
       1. George Inness became America's leading landscapist; Thomas Eakins attained a high degree of realism in his paintings, a quality not appreciated by portrait sitters
       2. Winslow Homer was perhaps the greatest painter of the group; he revealed rugged realism and boldness of conception—his canvases of the sea and of fisherfolk were masterly and probably no American artist has excelled him in portraying the body of water
    4. Probably the most gifted sculptor yet produced by America was Augustus Saint-Gaudens; amidst his nigh moving works is the Robert Gould Shaw memorial in Boston
    5. Music was gaining popularity and America of the 1880s and 1890s was assembling high-quality symphony orchestras notably in Boston and Chicago (Metropolitan Opera Firm)
    6. Strains of homegrown American music were sprouting in the Southward; black folk traditions similar spirituals and "ragged music" were evolving into the dejection, ragtime, and jazz
    7. A marvelous discovery was the reproduction of music by mechanical means; the phonograph, invented past the deaf Edison, had past 1900 reached over 150,000 homes
    8. In addition to skyscraper architect Louis Sullivan, a famous American architect of the age was Henry H. Richardson (spread influence throughout the eastern half of America)
       1. He popularized a distinctive, ornamental style came to be known every bit "Richardsonian"
       2. Loftier-vaulted arches were his trademark and his masterpiece and nearly famous work was the Marshall Field Building in Chicago (noted for champagne and laughter)
    9. A revival of classical architectural forms and a setback for realism came with the great Columbian Exposition; held in Chicago in 1893, information technology raised American artistic standards, promoted city planning, and was visited past more than than 27 million people
20. The Business organisation of Entertainment
    1. The pursuit of happiness had be century's finish become a frenzied scramble; people sought their pleasures fiercely, as they had overrun their continent fiercely; they had more time
       1. American inconsistently sought to escape from democratic equality; vaudeville, with its fibroid jokes an graceful acrobats, continued to be immensely pop during the 1880s and 1890s as were minstrel shows in the South (black singers and dancers)
       2. The circus finally emerged total-blown; Phineas Barnum, the chief showman joined hands with James A. Bailey in 1881 to stage the "Greatest Show on Earth"
       3. Colorful "Wild Westward" shows, kickoff performed in 1883, were even more than distinctively American; headed by William F. ("Buffalo Bill") Cody, the troupe included war-whooping Indians, alive buffalo, and deadeye marksmen—amid them Annie Oakley
    2. Baseball was clearly emerging as the national pastime and a league of professional players was formed in the 1870s and in 1888 an all-showtime baseball team toured the world
    3. A gladiatorial trend toward spectator sports was exemplified by football; this rugged game had become pop well before 1889 when Walter Army camp chose his All-Americans
    4. Even pugilism gained a new and gloved respectability in 1892 when "Gentleman Jim" Corbett, a scientific boxer, wrestled the globe title from the once more and alcoholic John L. Sullivan, the fabulous "Boston Strong Boy"
    5. Two crazes swept the country in the closing decades of the century; croquet became all the rage though condemned by moralists of the "naughty nineties" (exposed feminine)
    6. The low-framed "safety" bike came to replace the high-seated model and past 1893 a million bicycles were in use and thousands of young women were turning to this new "spinning bicycle," ane that offered liberty, not tedium
    7. Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith, a YMCA instructor; designed as an active indoor sport that could be played during the winter months, it spread rapidly
    8. The land of the skyscraper was plainly become more than standardized, attributable largely to the new industrialization; Americans started to share a common popular culture

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Aboukhadijeh, Feross. "Chapter 25: America Moves to the Urban center, 1865-1900" StudyNotes.org. Study Notes, LLC., 17 Nov. 2012. Web. 04 Mar. 2022. <https://world wide web.apstudynotes.org/us-history/outlines/affiliate-25-america-moves-to-the-city-1865-1900/>.

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